ESG Trading Strategies (Backtest And Example)
ESG has really gone mainstream, as the framework is becoming an increasingly important consideration in the investment community. With ESG data becoming more prevalent, investors now have ESG trading strategies. But what are ESG trading strategies?
ESG trading strategies are an abbreviation for Environmental, Social, and Governance, which are a framework for understanding and measuring how sustainably an organization is operating with reference to environmental, social, and governance factors.
Those criteria help stakeholders understand how an organization is managing risks and opportunities related to environmental, social, and governance criteria.
In this post, we take a look at how to apply ESG criteria in investing, and we end the article by looking at the performance of ESG trading and investing (backtests).
What is ESG?
ESG is an abbreviation for Environmental, Social, and Governance, which are a framework for understanding and measuring how sustainably an organization is operating with reference to environmental, social, and governance factors. It helps stakeholders understand how an organization is managing risks and opportunities related to environmental, social, and governance criteria.
- Environmental criteria: These are used to assess how a company safeguards the environment, including its corporate policies and risk management practices. Factors here include a company’s policy regarding climate change, flooding, and fires; its direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions; and its stewardship over natural resources.
- Social criteria: These consider how a company manages relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities where it operates. Some factors that a firm may be measured against under this category include Human Capital Management metrics (such as fair wages and employee engagement metrics), as well as the company’s impact on the communities where it operates (especially those in developing countries where environmental and labor standards may be less robust).
- Governance criteria: These criteria are concerned with a company’s leadership, executive pay, audits, internal controls, and shareholder rights. Factors to consider here include how leadership’s incentives are aligned to stakeholder expectations, how shareholder rights are viewed, and what types of internal controls exist to promote transparency and accountability by leadership.
Apart from socially conscious investors who use ESG criteria to screen potential investments, other stakeholders who might be interested in how sustainable an organization’s operations are, include customers, suppliers, and employees.
Why ESG investing?
It has become necessary to evaluate how companies operate and partake in safeguarding our common existence, and the capital markets are increasingly becoming a powerful tool to create that change.
With investors demonstrating interest to uphold their values through investing, companies and their management teams may be incentivized to improve performance across the environment, social, or governance measures. ESG investing is also known by other names, such as sustainable investing, responsible investing, impact investing, or socially responsible investing (SRI).
Interestingly, investors have now shown interest in putting their money where their values are. With investors becoming more interested in companies’ ESG practices, there are a growing number of ESG rating agencies and reporting frameworks that help to ensure the transparency and consistency of the ESG information that firms are reporting publicly. To assess a company based on ESG criteria, investors look at a broad range of behaviors and policies.
How investors apply ESG criteria
In recent years, investors have shown interest in putting their money where their values are. They now consider ESG criteria when choosing stocks to invest in. To assess a company based on ESG criteria, investors look at a broad range of behaviors and policies.
Given this trend, brokerage firms and mutual fund companies have started offering exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and other financial products that follow ESG criteria. Robo-advisors including Betterment and Wealthfront have promoted these ESG-themed offerings to younger investors.
Moreover, large institutional investors, such as public pension funds and hedge funds, now consider ESG criteria when making investment decisions. In fact, according to the most recent report from US SIF Foundation, investors held $17.1 trillion in assets chosen according to ESG criteria at the end of 2019, up from $12 trillion just two years earlier.
What are the three principal ESG strategies?
The three principal ESG strategies are as follows:
- Inclusionary screening
- Exclusion strategy
- ESG integration
Inclusionary screening
This means the inclusion of companies with higher ESG scores in your investment universe. It involves the use of specific ESG filters to rule in or out companies for potential investments based on your preferences and values.
For example, you may have the Best ESG performers category, which would include companies outperforming in ESG measures. You can also have an ESG momentum category, which would include companies whose ESG measures are improving faster than peers.
Exclusion strategy
With this approach, you exclude companies, sectors, and countries whose behaviors do not align with ESG principles. So, you may choose to exclude weapon manufacturers, tobacco producers, gambling firms, or sanctioned countries.
Even if you want to invest in funds, you can use the same principle of exclusion to arrive at the fund that suits your values.
ESG integration
With this method, you want to incorporate ESG data into your financial analysis and stock selection process. So, instead of simply using an inclusion or exclusion screening method based on ESG information, you consider the financially material ESG information of all the stocks you are analyzing. Financially material ESG information here refer to those ESG data that is highly likely to affect corporate and investment performance.
For example, quantitative traders that use the ESG integration method can create models that integrate ESG factors alongside other factors, such as value, size, momentum, growth, and volatility. By integrating ESG data into their investment process, they can adjust the weights of relevant securities upwards or downwards. They do this by either adjusting the weight of securities ranked poorly on ESG to zero based on research that links ESG factors to investment risk and/ or risk-adjusted returns or by adjusting the weight of each security in the investment universe, according to the statistical relationship between an ESG dataset and other factors.
How retail investors can get into ESG investing
Here are how retail investors can apply ESG principles to their investing process:
Build an ESG portfolio
Retail investors who want to build their own stock portfolio can start by determining what’s important to them in terms of ESG. The thing is to find out what aspect of ESG they are mainly concerned about — environment (climate change and water quality), social (how the company pays and treats its employees, its customers, suppliers, and members of the community), or governance (issues like diversity and executive compensations compared to average worker pay).
They may also want to avoid companies with certain practices or those who produce certain types of products, such as tobacco. So, when looking to choose individual stocks, they should take what they have identified as important to them and start researching candidates. With that, they can use the relevant criteria in each category to screen in or screen out stocks that fit into their values. They could do research independently or sector by sector. Out of their stock universe, they can use their financial analysis methods to choose the ones to invest in.
Invest in ESG-focused funds
For investors who don’t want to go through the hurdle of creating an ESG portfolio, they may want to invest in an ESG-focused investment fund, such as mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. Some robo-advising services also offer ESG portfolios. However, they will have to pay fees to fund managers or robo-advisors, which could be well worth the cost to many investors.
Invest in any security and then support charity
Another option is to not bother about ESG when investing and simply invest in an index fund. Then, they can use their profits to support their favorite charities and organizations that help to protect the environment and promote equity and justice. This makes sense, as most who pick stocks and most active mutual fund managers often underperform the markets, which leaves the investor with lower returns and less money to do good.
ESG trading strategies backtest – does ESG outperform?
There are countless research papers that claim ESG funds have outperformed non-ESG funds, but there are also research papers that claim the opposite. We would argue the jury is still out.
Hedgefund ESG performance
Let’s look at some numbers from Eurekahedge, a firm set up in 2001 and specializing in hedge fund databases covering North America, Europe, Asia, and Latin America. It’s one of the most referred to databases there is.
Eurekahedge divides its database into ESG and non-ESG and the graph below shows the performance:
Since 2007, non-ESG funds have outperformed ESG funds. ESG funds returned 5.44% annually since 2007, while ex-ESG funds returned 6.1%. This might not sound like much, but over such long time spans the differences add up.
Mutual funds ESG performance
In a study called ESG and financial performance written by Whelan, Atz, Van Holt, and Clark, the authors examined about 1 000 different studies in search of understanding how ESG policies influence the fundamentals of a company. Their conclusion reads like this:
Our analysis of more than 1,000 research papers exploring the linkage between ESG and financial performance since 2015 points to a growing consensus that good corporate management of ESG issues typically results in improved operational metrics such as ROE, ROA, or stock price. For investors seeking to construct portfolios that generate alpha, some ESG strategies seem to generate market rate or excess returns when compared to conventional investment strategies, especially for long-term investors, and provide downside protection during economic or social crisis. Notably, very few studies found definitive negative correlations between ESG and financial performance.
Funds and ESG performance
Defining ESG is no easy task and thus the results vary (as expected). Our own common sense suggests that the primary goal should be to generate good returns and ESG should only be a secondary goal. Most companies in the Western world are pretty occupied with ESG anyway, and thus most companies are ESG compliant.
FAQ ESG trading strategies
We end the article with a few frequently asked questions bout ESG trading strategies:
Does ESG affect performance?
Yes, but we would argue the jury is still out. First of all, what is an ESG fund? We are one of this who claim that what looks like ESG on the outside, might not be very ESG after all. Second, the market goes in cycles. In certain periods ESG investing is cool, and in other periods it’s uncool.
What is ESG in simple terms?
ESG is an abbreviation for Environmental, Social, and Governance. It’s a term used to represent an organization’s corporate financial interests that focus mainly on sustainable and ethical impacts.
What are the best ESG funds?
Most investors are primarily interested in the best returns. Furthermore, what is the best fund for you might not be the best fund for your friend. Thus there’s no best fund!
Is ESG investing good?
We would argue it “depends”. What on the surface seems like ESG, might not be so ESG after all. For example, is the arms industry an anti-ESG industry? There is no arguing weapons are lethal, but rogue states will always make sure they have arms. Thus, weapons serve as a stabilizer. Likewise, are electric cars so environmentally friendly? We argue it’s a bit more complicated than just looking at emissions.
What types of ESG investing strategies are available?
There are several different types of ESG investing strategies available, including:
- Screening: Screening involves selecting investments that meet certain ESG criteria.
- Impact Investing: Impact investing involves investing in companies or projects that have a positive social or environmental impact.
- Engagement: Engagement involves investors engaging with companies to encourage them to improve their environmental, social and governance practices.
What are the benefits of ESG investing?
ESG investing can be beneficial for both the investor and society. However, you need to look at the whole supply chain to really understand if there are any benefits at all.
Does ESG investing make good returns?
That is hard to tell. We have tried to cover some research in this article, but would argue the jury is still out.
List of trading strategies
You can get the code for the 123 reversal pattern strategy together with plenty of other different strategies.
We have written over 800 articles on this blog since we started in 2012. Many articles contain specific trading rules that can be backtested for profitability and performance metrics.
The trading rules are compiled into a package where you can purchase all of them (recommended) or just a few of your choice. We have hundreds of trading ideas in the compilation.
The strategies are taken from our list of profitable trading systems. The strategies are an excellent resource to help you get some trading ideas.
The strategies also come with logic in plain English (plain English is for Python traders).
For a list of the strategies we have made please click on the green banner:
These strategies must not be misunderstood for the premium strategies that we charge a fee for:
