EURJPY Trading Strategy: Backtest and Example

The euro (EUR) and yen (JPY) are the most traded currencies after the USD. Like the USD, the euro and yen are also held as reserve currencies by different countries. But what is EURJPY in trading? Is it possible to find a EURJPY trading strategy?

Yes, it’s possible to make a EURJPY trading strategy, but forex is very difficult to trade – much more complicated than stocks.

EURJPY is a minor currency pair that compares the value of the euro to that of the Japanese yen. In this currency pair, the EUR is the base currency, while the JPY is the quote or counter currency. So, the EURJPY trading strategy is the act of exchanging JPY for EUR or exchanging EUR for JPY.

In this post, we take a look at EURJPY currency trading. At the end of the article, we present a backtested EURJPY trading strategy.

Related reading:

• CHFJPY Trading Strategy
• Most Traded Currencies In The World
• If you want to trade forex, you might want to check out eToro.*

EURJPY trading strategy backtest – does it work?

If you manage to find a forex strategy that works, it might offer a tremendous advantage, though: the strategy most likely offers good diversification from your other trading strategies, especially if you are trading stocks or stock market indices.

However, EURJPY is one of those currency pairs that behave a little like stocks. This might make it easier to find profitable strategies, but then again, it might then be less likely it offers any true diversification from your stock strategies.

Despite all the negative comments about forex we made in this article, we do trade a couple of forex strategies ourselves, but we stick to forex futures.

At least a couple of our strategies from our monthly trading edges archive work on the EURJPY pair. Let’s look at them:

EURJPY trading strategy backtest no 1

The first strategy is don with Python.

The trading rules read like this (members can unlock the trading rules and get trading rules for hundreds of trading strategies):

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We backtested the strategy using the ticker “EURJPY=X” on Yahoo Finance.

The equity curve looks like this:

Performance metrics:

• Total Trades: 101
• Time Spent In The Market: 28.54%
• CAGR: 2.16%
• Risk-adjusted CAGR: 7.56%
• Win Rate: 67.33%
• Average Win: 1.55%
• Average Loss: -1.73%
• Max Drawdown: -9.89%

We also did a Python Monte Carlo simulation:

To help you get started we provide you with the full Python EURJPY trading strategy:

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EURJPY trading strategy backtest no 2

Below is an Amibroker backtest taken from the archive (monthly trading edge May 2021 – strategy number 7 on our single strategies and bundles page) and backtested on forex data (not futures):

There are 198 trades, the average gain per trade is 0.64%, the win ratio is 75%, the max drawdown is 14%, and the profit factor is 3.1

The strategy has worked pretty well over the last decade!

EURJPY trading strategy backtest no 3

Our monthly trading edge for August 2021 works pretty well on the EURJPY pair (and many other pairs as well). The edge is strategy no one is on our strategy page. We modified the parameters slightly and we got the following equity curve:

The strategy has 138 trades, the average gain per trade is 0.4%, the win rate is 71%, max drawdown is 19%, and the profit factor is 2.

The trading statistics and performance metrics are not fantastic, but if it can offer diversification from your other strategies it might be an excellent idea to trade it.

Is EUR/JPY A Leading Indicator For Stocks?

Yes, EUR/JPY is a leading indicator for stocks, according to our backtests. However, we wouldn’t rely solely on this indicator to trade stocks. Pairing it with another technical indicator or into a trading system can work better than on its own.

Why is EUR/JPY a leading indicator for stocks?

Due to investor psychology, EUR/JPY is often considered a leading indicator for stock market movements. There is a heightened desire for Euros to invest in stocks during good times, whereas, during challenging times, the inclination shifts towards seeking Yens as a safe-haven strategy.

There is a popular belief that EUR/JPY is highly correlated with stocks, especially European stocks. The basic idea behind it is that whenever the CAC 40, for example, rises, we can probably expect the euro to rise as well, as investors need to get a hand on some euros to buy stocks.

However, whenever the economic situation worsens or traders become fearful, investors usually withdraw their money from the stock markets, which causes the CAC 40 to drop in value.

Because the Yen is considered a safe haven amongst the major currencies, investors sell the Euro and “hide” in the Yen. As a result, EUR/JPY falls.

The idea makes sense, but that is not enough to say it works. Here is the 1-year rolling correlation between a European ETF (VGK) and EUR/JPY:

As you can see, the mean is slightly positive, but the highest correlation was during the financial crisis. In the past few years, the correlation has not been strong. But in order to see if this theory really works, we need to backtest some trading strategies.

There is only one way to find out if the above hypothesis is true, and that is via backtesting!

The trading strategy we are going to backtest is pretty simple:

• We buy a European ETF when the 200-day moving average (SMA) is under the EUR/JPY level, and
• We sell when the EUR/JPY falls below the SMA.

We backtest the strategy for German, French, and Italian stocks using the ETFs with the following ticker codes: EWG, EWQ, and EWI. The data is adjusted for dividends (reinvested). Here is the equity curve for German stocks (EWG):

The returns look very good! Here are some metrics and performance statistics:

• CAGR is 6.73% (buy and hold 7.2%)
• Time spent in the market is 42.3%
• Risk-adjusted return 15.91% (CAGR divided by time spent in the market)
• Maximum drawdown is -35.46% (-63.1%)

Here is how the same strategy would have performed for French stocks (EWQ):

And lastly here is Italian stocks (EWI):

We won’t show you the performance metrics of the last two ETFs, but by looking at the graph, you can guess pretty well how they do. In all three countries, the returns are practically the same as buy and hold, but you are invested only around half the time. More importantly, maximum drawdown is also significantly reduced, making this strategy even better.

Is EUR/JPY A Leading Indicator For Stocks? – Conclusion

To sum up, the strategy seems to work pretty well. The idea that the EUR/JPY relationship can be a leading indicator for stocks is correct according to our backtests.

However, we wouldn’t rely solely on this indicator to trade stocks. Pairing it with another technical indicator or into a trading system can work better than on its own.

What is EURJPY?

The EURJPY simply refers to the forex quote for the euro against the Japanese yen exchange rate. That is, it compares the value of the euro to that of the Japanese yen. In forex trading, EURJPY is a minor currency pair. In this currency pair, the EUR is the base currency, while the JPY is the quote or counter currency.

EURJPY is considered a minor pair because it is formed by cross-pairing EURUSD with USDJPY. In forex trading, currency pairs are categorized according to their liquidity and trading volume — if there’s a lot of activity in the market, it’s classed as a major pair, and if there’s less activity, it’s regarded as a minor pair. Since USD is the most traded currency in the world, currency pairs of the major economies against USD are regarded as ‘major’, while a cross pair of major currency pairs are regarded as minor.

A cross pair is a net currency pair position formed by trading two currency pairs with one common currency (often the USD). EURJPY is a cross pair of EURUSD and USDJPY. So, a net long EURJPY position (selling JPY to buy EUR) is achieved by going long on USDJPY and EURUSD simultaneously — selling JPY to buy USD and using the USD to buy EUR. On the flip side, a net short EURJPY position (selling EUR to buy JPY) is achieved by simultaneously shorting EURUSD and USDJPY — selling EUR to buy USD and using the USD to buy JPY.

In essence, trading the EURJPY currency pair is the act of exchanging one currency for another, with the USD as the medium for the exchange. Traders are able to profit from such exchange when the value of the currency they exchanged rises relative to the other.

Related reading:
Most Traded Currencies In The World

Is EURJPY good to trade?

Yes, EURJPY is good for trading. Although the currency pair is not one of the major pairs, there are many reasons we think it is good for trading. These are just four of them:

1. The constituent currencies are very popular: Both the Euro and the Japanese Yen are ranked amount the top eight currencies in the world. In fact, they are the most traded currencies after the USD. Just like the USD, the euro and yen are also held as reserve currencies by different countries. This makes the euro and yen cross pair the most liquid outside of the U.S. dollar-based “majors.”
2. Volatility: The EURJPY pair often shows high levels of volatility, as the price swings significantly in different directions. This provides opportunities for traders to profit from steep price swings.
3. Relative predictability: The currency markets are well-known for misleading signals, but the direction of the EURJPY is often more predictable. As a result, EURJPY may be easier to trade than other forex pairs. However, we emphasize that you need to backtest before you do commit money and capital.
4. Competitive spreads: Even compared to many of the major currency pairs, EURJPY tends to have competitive spreads. This can affect profitability. Slippage could be a major factor in trading, depending on trading style and strategy.

EURJPY and USDJPY correlation

In forex trading, correlation is a statistical measure of how closely two currency pairs move — the greater the correlation coefficient, the more closely aligned they are. A positive correlation means that the values of two variables move in the same direction, while a negative correlation means they move in opposite directions.

The price movements of EURJPY and USDJPY are often significantly correlated. Sometimes, the correlation coefficient gets up to or even more than +90% (+0.9). At such times, opening a position in both currency pairs may come with a lot of risks as it would almost be equivalent to carrying a double position in any one of the two pairs. Whatever affects one is 90% likely to affect the other.

Correlation is a topic we have covered in multiple articles before. Put shortly, correlation is important because you want to avoid trading strategies that have profits or losses at the same time. You want to “distribute” the profits and losses evenly – not in clusters. Our experience is that this is perhaps the most important factor in trading, yet very few traders spend much time including or excluding strategies based on correlation. Even a “mediocre” strategy might be a much better choice than a seemingly more profitable one.

Best time to trade EURJPY?

For day traders, the best time to trade EURJPY is during the Asian session and the European session. During the Asian session, 23:00 to 06: 00 GMT, the Japanese market is open, which drives trading in the currency pair.

Similarly, during the European session, 07:00 to 15:00 GMT, the European markets are open and drive trading in the currency pair.

How likely are you to succeed in trading EURJPY?

You are not likely to succeed in trading EUR/JPY unless you are systematic and backtesting. You are competing against thousands of other traders, and the forex market is a zero sum game.

We have backtested plenty of forex trading ideas, but forex has two issues:

• The window of opportunity is small. Competition is fierce.
• Very few strategies that look promising in a backtest pass an out of sample backtest.

Thus, we tend to recommend staying away from forex trading. We regard forex and currencies as the hardest asset to trade. Your chances of succeeding as a forex trader are pretty low, in our opinion. Also, we suspect very few forex traders have any idea whatsoever if their trading strategy has a positive expected return.

Why?

First of all, the forex market is a zero-sum market. This is in contrast to the stock market, where you get an added tailwind from the overnight trading edge.

Another main reason why forex is so damn difficult to trade is the zillion reasons that make the forex rates move. Additionally, you face scam risk (lots of unregulated brokers).

All these risks apply to any forex pair – also the EURJPY. We have written a separate article where we list the 12 reasons why you should avoid forex trading.

Please also read our other articles about the probabilities of making it as a trader: What percentage of traders lose money

A major step if you want to succeed is this: you need to backtest and you need to treat trading like a job – like a profession (even if you do it on the side). You are competing against players that are both more knowledgeable and better capitalized than you are!

How do you trade EURJPY?

Yo trade EURJPY by having a clear plan and know when to sell and buy. As you might understand by now if you have read thus far, we believe there is only one holy grail in trading: backtesting and trading many strategies. First, you need to have a backtested strategy with a positive expectancy. Second, you need to find out how you can trade it together with your other strategies.

Once you have a backtested strategy with a positive expectancy for trading EURJPY, the next step is to integrate it with your existing trading strategies. This process involves several key considerations to ensure optimal performance and risk management.

1. Correlation Analysis: Assess the correlation between your EURJPY strategy and your other trading strategies. Ideally, you want strategies that are uncorrelated or negatively correlated to diversify risk. If your strategies are highly correlated, they may amplify each other’s drawdowns during adverse market conditions.
2. Portfolio Allocation: Determine the appropriate allocation of capital to your EURJPY strategy within your overall portfolio. This allocation should reflect the risk-return profile of the strategy as well as your risk tolerance and portfolio objectives. Consider using techniques such as mean-variance optimization or risk parity to optimize the allocation across different strategies.
3. Risk Management: Implement robust risk management techniques to protect your capital and minimize drawdowns. This may include setting stop-loss levels, position sizing based on volatility, and monitoring risk-adjusted performance metrics such as the Sharpe ratio. Additionally, consider diversifying across different asset classes and markets to reduce concentration risk.
4. Integration with Market Conditions: Continuously monitor market conditions and adapt your trading strategies accordingly. This may involve adjusting parameters or rules within your EURJPY strategy based on changes in volatility, trend direction, or macroeconomic factors affecting the currency pair. Flexibility and adaptability are key to staying profitable over the long term.
5. Monitoring and Evaluation: Regularly review the performance of your integrated trading strategies and make adjustments as needed. Keep detailed records of trades, performance metrics, and market conditions to facilitate ongoing analysis and improvement. Consider conducting periodic reoptimization of your strategies to ensure they remain effective in evolving market environments.

What time can you trade the EURJPY?

There is no “worst” or “best” in trading, and not in EURJPY either. You need to backtest. If it works, it works. A backtest is the best indication you have.

Trading the EURJPY can occur 24 hours a day, five days a week, as it is one of the major currency pairs heavily traded in the forex market. However, while the market is open around the clock, it’s important to understand that liquidity and volatility levels can vary throughout the day. Some traders prefer to trade during specific sessions, such as the overlap between the European and Asian sessions when both markets are open simultaneously, as this often sees increased activity and liquidity. Ultimately, the optimal trading time for EURJPY depends on individual trading strategies and preferences, which can be determined through thorough backtesting.

Is EURJPY a good pair to trade?

Yes, EURJPY is a good pair to trade if it adds value to your portfolio of strategies. Again, only a backtest can help you find out.

Trading the EURJPY pair can be beneficial if it aligns with your overall trading strategies and objectives. Conducting a thorough backtest is crucial to understanding its performance within your portfolio. Backtesting allows you to analyze historical data to assess the viability and profitability of trading EURJPY based on your specific trading parameters. By evaluating past performance, you can gain insights into potential risks and rewards associated with trading this currency pair. Ultimately, the decision to trade EURJPY should be based on its contribution to achieving your financial goals and risk management strategy.

Is EURJPY good for beginners?

EURJPY is not particularly good for beginners, and neither is any forex pair. Forex is not the right place to start trading. We recommend stocks and the stock market, which we believe offer the best possibility of making money.

While it’s true that Forex trading can be complex and volatile, dismissing EURJPY outright might not be entirely fair. While beginners should indeed proceed cautiously, EURJPY can offer valuable insights into global economic trends and geopolitical factors. With proper education and risk management, beginners can learn valuable lessons from trading EURJPY, honing their skills for more complex markets. Ultimately, the decision depends on individual risk tolerance and dedication to learning the intricacies of currency trading.

What factors affect EURJPY?

The factors affecting EURJPY are almost countless in the short term, but in the long term the rate is based on fundamentals, mainly the inflation and interest rates.

There are a zillion reasons why the market moves, and the forex market has a ton of news every day. Furthermore, players might have different reasons to buy and sell forex. We can safely be sure that the number of factors is almost unlimited.

When it comes to the EURJPY pair, the factors influencing its movements are as diverse as they are dynamic. Economic indicators, political developments, central bank policies, and geopolitical tensions all play pivotal roles. For instance, economic data releases such as GDP figures, inflation rates, and employment reports can swiftly alter market sentiment.

Moreover, shifts in monetary policies by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of Japan (BOJ) can significantly impact the exchange rate. Additionally, geopolitical events like trade negotiations or conflicts can inject volatility into the market, affecting the EURJPY pair. Thus, navigating the complexities of EURJPY trading demands a keen understanding of these multifaceted influences.

How many pips does EURJPY move daily?

EURJPY moves around 95 pips daily, according to our backtests, but it varies over time based on volatility.

However, it’s important to note that currency pairs can exhibit varying levels of volatility depending on market conditions, economic factors, geopolitical events, and other external influences.

Traders and investors closely monitor such fluctuations to inform their strategies and decision-making processes. Understanding the typical range of movement for a currency pair like EURJPY can help traders manage risk and capitalize on potential opportunities in the forex market.

What is the average daily range of Eurjpy?

The average daily range of EUR/JPY, a key metric for assessing volatility and potential trading opportunities, fluctuates based on various market conditions and factors influencing the currency pair. As of recent data, the average daily range for EUR/JPY typically falls within a certain range, reflecting the extent of price movement from the high to the low within a single trading day.

Traders often monitor this range to gauge market volatility and make better decisions regarding entry and exit points in their trading strategies. While specific figures can vary over time, historical data and market analysis provide valuable insights into the typical daily range of EUR/JPY, aiding traders in navigating the forex market effectively.

What factors influence the EURJPY Trading Strategy?

Several factors influence the EURJPY trading strategy. Primarily, macroeconomic indicators play a significant role, including interest rates, inflation rates, GDP growth, and employment data from both the Eurozone and Japan. Central bank policies and interventions also heavily impact the exchange rate, as decisions regarding monetary policy affect currency values.

Additionally, geopolitical events and global economic trends can influence investor sentiment and market volatility, thereby affecting the EURJPY exchange rate. Technical analysis, such as chart patterns, support and resistance levels, and trading volumes, provides insights into potential entry and exit points for traders.

Moreover, market sentiment, including risk appetite and market positioning, can sway the direction of the currency pair. Overall, a comprehensive EURJPY trading strategy considers a combination of fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and market sentiment to improve trading decisions and rules.

How does market volatility affect the EURJPY Trading Strategy?

Market volatility can significantly impact the effectiveness of a EURJPY trading strategy. When volatility is high, price movements in the EURJPY pair tend to be more erratic and unpredictable. This can make it challenging for traders to accurately forecast market direction and execute trades with confidence.

In times of high volatility, traditional technical analysis indicators may become less reliable as price swings can be exaggerated and sudden. Breakout strategies, which rely on significant price movements to generate profits, may experience increased false signals and whipsaws, leading to losses for traders.

On the other hand, volatility can present opportunities for traders employing strategies that thrive in fast-moving markets. Momentum strategies, for example, may benefit from increased volatility as strong trends can develop more quickly. Additionally, volatility-based indicators such as the Average True Range (ATR) can help traders adapt their risk management strategies to account for heightened market uncertainty.

What role does technical analysis play in the EURJPY Trading Strategy?

Technical analysis plays an important role in the EURJPY trading strategy, serving as a fundamental tool for assessing market trends, identifying potential entry and exit points, and gauging the overall sentiment of traders participating in the EURJPY currency pair. Retail traders employing this strategy often rely on various technical indicators, chart patterns, and price action analysis to improve decisions about their trades.

One of the primary objectives of technical analysis within the EURJPY trading strategy is to identify recurring patterns and trends in price movements. By scrutinizing historical price data and applying technical indicators such as moving averages, relative strength index (RSI), and Fibonacci retracements, traders aim to uncover potential opportunities for profit. For instance, they may look for patterns such as head and shoulders, triangles, or double tops/bottoms to anticipate future price movements.

Moreover, technical analysis helps traders determine optimal entry and exit points for their trades. By examining support and resistance levels on price charts, traders can pinpoint levels where buying or selling pressure is likely to intensify, thereby making better decisions about when to enter or exit positions. Additionally, technical indicators such as MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence) or Bollinger Bands can signal potential changes in market direction, aiding traders in adjusting their positions accordingly.

Why is risk management crucial in the EURJPY Trading Strategy?

Risk management is an important part in the EURJPY trading strategy due to several key reasons. First and foremost, the volatile nature of the foreign exchange market, particularly when dealing with currency pairs like EURJPY, demands a robust risk management approach to safeguard capital and mitigate potential losses. Without effective risk management, traders expose themselves to significant financial risks that could potentially wipe out their accounts.

Furthermore, the EURJPY pair is susceptible to various economic and geopolitical factors that can induce sudden price fluctuations. These fluctuations can result in unexpected losses if not managed properly. By implementing risk management techniques such as setting stop-loss orders, position sizing, and diversification, traders can limit their exposure to adverse market movements and preserve capital during volatile periods.

Moreover, risk management is essential for maintaining consistency and discipline in trading. It helps traders avoid emotional decision-making driven by fear or greed, which can often lead to impulsive and irrational trading behavior. By adhering to a well-defined risk management plan, traders can stay focused on their trading strategy and make objective decisions based on predefined risk parameters.

How does sentiment analysis contribute to the EURJPY Trading Strategy?

Sentiment analysis plays a role in enhancing the effectiveness of EURJPY trading strategies, at least in te short term. By gauging market sentiment, traders can gain valuable insights into the prevailing mood and attitudes of market participants towards the Euro (EUR) and Japanese Yen (JPY).

One way sentiment analysis contributes to EURJPY trading strategies is by providing early indications of potential market movements. By analyzing sentiment indicators such as news sentiment, social media sentiment, or sentiment derived from market data, traders can anticipate shifts in market sentiment towards the EUR or JPY. For example, if sentiment analysis reveals a growing optimism towards the Euro due to positive economic data releases or political developments in the Eurozone, traders may consider taking long positions on EURJPY in anticipation of a strengthening Euro against the Japanese Yen.

Moreover, sentiment analysis can help traders identify sentiment extremes or sentiment divergences that may signal overbought or oversold conditions in the EURJPY pair. For instance, if sentiment analysis indicates excessively bullish sentiment towards the Euro relative to the Japanese Yen, it may suggest that the EURJPY pair is due for a correction as market sentiment becomes overly optimistic. In such cases, traders may opt to take contrarian positions or adjust their trading strategies accordingly to capitalize on potential reversals in sentiment.

Additionally, sentiment analysis can be integrated into risk management practices within EURJPY trading strategies. By monitoring sentiment indicators alongside other technical and fundamental factors, traders can better assess the overall risk environment and adjust their position sizes or implement hedging strategies to mitigate potential losses during periods of heightened sentiment volatility.

What are the advantages of using a trend-following approach in the EURJPY Trading Strategy?

Advantages of employing a trend-following approach in the EURJPY trading strategy are manifold. Firstly, such a methodology capitalizes on the momentum of price movements, enabling traders to ride profitable trends for extended periods. By aligning with the prevailing market direction, traders can reduce the likelihood of entering positions contrary to the overarching trend, thereby enhancing the probability of success.

Moreover, trend-following strategies tend to exhibit smoother equity curves compared to countertrend approaches, as they avoid frequent whipsaws and false signals often associated with attempting to predict reversals. This characteristic contributes to better risk management and helps traders maintain emotional discipline during periods of market volatility.

Furthermore, employing a trend-following approach in the EURJPY trading strategy allows traders to participate in larger market moves, potentially leading to substantial profits over time. By adhering to well-defined trend indicators and entry/exit criteria, traders can systematically identify and exploit significant price trends, thereby maximizing profit potential while minimizing downside risk.

Additionally, trend-following strategies offer a systematic framework for decision-making, reducing the influence of subjective biases and emotions on trading outcomes. By relying on objective indicators and predefined rules, traders can maintain consistency in their approach and avoid making impulsive or irrational decisions.

What are the drawbacks of overtrading in the EURJPY Trading Strategy?

The drawbacks of overtrading in the EURJPY trading strategy are numerous and can significantly impact the overall effectiveness and profitability of the approach. Overtrading occurs when a trader executes an excessive number of trades within a short period, often driven by emotions such as greed, fear of missing out (FOMO), or a desire to recoup losses quickly. While it may seem tempting to engage in frequent trading activity, especially in a volatile currency pair like EURJPY, several drawbacks can arise:

1. Increased Transaction Costs: Each trade incurs transaction costs, including spreads, commissions, and slippage. Overtrading amplifies these costs, eating into potential profits and diminishing overall returns.
2. Emotional Exhaustion: Constantly monitoring the market and executing trades can lead to emotional exhaustion, clouding judgment, and impairing decision-making abilities. This emotional fatigue can result in impulsive or irrational trading decisions, further exacerbating losses.
3. Reduced Quality of Trades: Overtrading often leads to lower-quality trades as traders may enter positions based on impulse rather than thorough analysis. This can result in trades with unfavorable risk-reward ratios or inadequate consideration of market conditions, increasing the likelihood of losses.
4. Increased Risk Exposure: Overtrading tends to increase a trader’s overall exposure to market risk. By taking numerous positions simultaneously or in quick succession, traders may find it challenging to effectively manage risk, leading to larger-than-anticipated losses during adverse market movements.
5. Diminished Focus on Strategy: Overtrading can distract traders from adhering to their original trading strategy or plan. Instead of patiently waiting for high-probability setups in accordance with their strategy, traders may succumb to impulsive trading impulses, deviating from their intended approach and undermining long-term consistency.
6. Overlapping Trades: Engaging in too many trades simultaneously can result in overlapping positions, where multiple trades are based on similar or correlated market movements. This amplifies risk and reduces diversification, leaving the trader vulnerable to sudden market shifts.
7. Burnout and Stress: The constant pressure of overtrading can lead to burnout and increased stress levels. Trading excessively can take a toll on mental and physical well-being, impacting decision-making abilities and overall performance in the long run.

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